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1871Chicago, Illinois
The Great Chicago Fire
Over two days, fire swept through a city built largely of wood, killing about 300 people and leaving roughly 100,000 homeless.
Lesson Fire outruns everyone's sense of how much time they have.
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1889Johnstown, Pennsylvania
The Johnstown Flood
The South Fork Dam failed upstream after days of rain. A wall of water reached the town within the hour and killed 2,209 people.
Lesson Water arrives with less warning than anyone expects.
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1906San Francisco, California
Earthquake, then fire
The quake ruptured gas lines and water mains alike. Fires burned for days with little water to fight them; about 3,000 died and 225,000 of 400,000 residents lost their homes.
Lesson A broken gas line turns one disaster into two.
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1927Mississippi River Valley
The Great Mississippi Flood
Levees failed up and down the river, putting some 27,000 square miles under water and driving hundreds of thousands of people from their homes.
Lesson When the water is everywhere, help can't be.
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1989San Francisco, California
Loma Prieta and the Marina fire
During the World Series quake, a ruptured gas line fed a fire in the Marina District while broken water mains left crews short of water.
Lesson Know where your gas shutoff is before the ground moves.
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1991Oakland, California
The Oakland Hills Firestorm
Wind-driven fire destroyed more than 3,000 homes in a single afternoon and killed 25 people, many of them on narrow roads trying to leave.
Lesson The plan has to exist before the smoke does.
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2005New Orleans, Louisiana
Hurricane Katrina
Levee failures flooded about 80 percent of New Orleans. More than 1,300 people died, and families were scattered for years.
Lesson The papers you need to rebuild can't live only in the house.
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2012New York & New Jersey
Superstorm Sandy
Storm surge pushed seawater into basements and utility rooms across the coast, damaging or destroying about 650,000 homes.
Lesson Basements are where the shutoffs, and the water, end up.
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2017Houston, Texas
Hurricane Harvey
Some areas received more than 60 inches of rain. Rescuers pulled thousands of people from flooded homes in one of the costliest storms in U.S. history.
Lesson 911 can be overwhelmed for days, not minutes.
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2018Paradise, California
The Camp Fire
The deadliest wildfire in California's history killed 85 people and destroyed about 18,800 structures, most of a town, in a matter of hours.
Lesson Knowing who in the house needs help getting out saves lives.
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2018Merrimack Valley, Massachusetts
The gas explosions
Over-pressurized gas lines set off dozens of fires and explosions across three towns in one evening, killing one person and forcing thousands from their homes.
Lesson Gas emergencies don't wait for the utility truck.
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2021Texas
Winter Storm Uri
Pipes froze and burst across the state. Texans filed more than 450,000 insurance claims and insured losses passed $8 billion, much of it water damage.
Lesson The fastest way to stop the damage is a valve you can find in the dark.
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2023Lahaina, Maui
The Lahaina fire
Wind-whipped flames destroyed about 2,200 structures in historic Lahaina and killed 102 people, the deadliest U.S. wildfire in more than a century.
Lesson Your emergency contacts should be one tap away for everyone.
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2025Los Angeles, California
The Palisades and Eaton fires
Two January wildfires destroyed more than 16,000 structures in Pacific Palisades and Altadena and took at least 29 lives.
Lesson When the house is gone, its records shouldn't go with it.